In addition, immunoglobulin contents and expression of cytokines including IgM ( p < 0.01), IgG ( p < 0.05), IL-2 ( p < 0.01), IL-4 ( p < 0.01), IL-6 ( p < 0.01), and IFN-γ ( p < 0.05) were also significantly increased by supplementation of AF or GF. This result indicates that AF or AF-enriched extract (GF) increased humoral immunity against CY-induced immunosuppression. The AF or GF treated groups had higher weights of the thymus (0.94 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.18, p < 0.05, respectively) than that of cyclophosphamide treated group (0.59 ± 0.18). After the 10 days of oral administration of compounds, changes in weights of spleen and thymus, serum immunoglobulin, and expression of cytokines were measured as biomarkers of immune-enhancing potential in male BALB/c mice model. The proliferation of splenocytes treated with mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide) were further increased by addition of AF ( p < 0.01) or GF ( p < 0.01), in a dose dependent manner. In this study the effects of AF and AF-enriched natural product (Ginofos, GF) on proliferation of normal mouse splenocytes were evaluated in vitro and male BALB/c mice models. However, the possible immune enhancing effects of non-saponin ginseng compounds, such as AF, have not been investigated. The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of AF have been reported. Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl-fructose (AF). Recent studies on the immune-enhancing effects of ginseng saponins have revealed more diverse mechanisms of action. The immune system plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis.
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